Melting pot vs salad bowl Essay

Have you ever heard that America is a melting pot or a salad bowl? The metaphor for the melting pot is unfortunate and misleading for America. A more accurate metaphor would be a salad bowl, for the salad bowl can be very different from the melting pot because of all its ingredients can make it distinguished from the melting pot. Even today Americans are calling America a salad bowl instead of a melting pot. Whereas it once was a melting pot but soon changed. There have been many questions and many answers for the melting pot and the salad bowl form America and its different citizens. These metaphors can’t be better than the others; they both serve the same purpose just in a different ways. In my opinion today American is not a melting pot; America was once called a melting pot but now is a salad bowl. First of all America is a salad bowl because people today are able to practice their own culture. On the other hand the melting pot doesn’t allow this because all the cultures blend in to from one culture. The salad bowl allows people to retain their original cultures and traditions whereas the melting pot doesn’t. Despite these benefits, some people believe that America is a melting pot instead of the salad bowl. The melting pot states that we should surrender our culture and ethic identities. Whereas the salad bowl lets you be free to choose what you want to practice. The way I see it is that the salad bowl doesn’t make us blend in or surrender our cultures. The salad bowl has many different features that the melting does not have.

Final Project

Final Project Part 2(Worth 20% of your grade) Student Name: James Keys Class/Section: CMIS 102 Professor Name: Jose Romero Assignment due date: 11/4/12 // Which State. cpp #include â€Å"stdafx. h† #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { int x = 0; int found = 0; int count=0; float sum; float average; int age[10]; string name[10]; string Find_State = â€Å"†; string state[10]; string state_abbr[10]; bool okay = true; do { cout << â€Å"Enter the family member's name. Type ‘done' when complete. ;lt;;lt; endl; cin ;gt;;gt; name[count]; if ( name[count] == â€Å"DONE† || name[count]==†done†) { okay = false; break; } cout ;lt;;lt; â€Å"Enter family member's age† ;lt;;lt; endl; cin ;gt;;gt; age[count]; cout ;lt;;lt; â€Å"Which state is † ;lt;;lt; name[count] ;lt;;lt; † from? Type in CA, NY, TX, VA, VT? † ;lt;;lt; endl; cin ;gt;;gt; state[count]; if ( state[count] ==  "CA† || state[count] == â€Å"ca†) { state[count] = â€Å"California†; state_abbr[count] = â€Å"CA†; }else if (state[count]==†TX† || state[count] == â€Å"tx†) { state[count] = â€Å"Texas†; tate_abbr[count] = â€Å"TX†; } else if (state[count]==†VA† || state[count] == â€Å"va†) { state[count] = â€Å"Virginia†; state_abbr[count] = â€Å"VA†; } else if (state[count]==†NY† || state[count] == â€Å"ny†) { state[count] = â€Å"New York†; state_abbr[count] = â€Å"NY†; } else if (state[count]==†VT† || state[count] == â€Å"vt†) { state[count] = â€Å"Vermont†; state_abbr[count] = â€Å"VT†; } else { cout ;lt;;lt; â€Å"I don't understand!! † ;lt;;lt; endl; count–; } count++; } while (okay || count ! = 10); char yn=' ‘; do { cout << â€Å"Do you wish to list people living in a certain state? << en dl; cin >> yn; if ( yn == ‘Y') { cout << â€Å"Enter the state abbreviation : â€Å"; cin >> Find_State; for (x=0;x<count;x++) if (state_abbr[x] == Find_State) { cout << name[x] << † lives in † << state[x] << endl; found++; } if (! found) { cout << â€Å"Couldn't find anyone living in the state of † << Find_State << â€Å". † << endl; } } else if ( yn == ‘N') cout << â€Å"Okay, we'll continue on!! † << endl << endl; break; } while (yn ! ‘Y' || yn ! = ‘N'); sum = 0. 0; average = 0. 0; for ( x=0;x<count;x++) { sum = sum + age[x]; } average = sum/count; cout << endl << endl << â€Å"The average age of your family is † << average << † years old. † << endl << endl; cout << â€Å"The entered data was :† << endl << endl; for ( x=0; x < count ;x++) { cout << name[x] << † lives in † << state[x] << † and is † << age[x] << † years old. † << endl; } return 0;

Family marriage Essay

On the night of Feb 28th, the last day of classes, Nilesh proposed to Geeta, his MBA classmate of nearly a year and a half. Geeta agreed immediately and wondered if all her classmates will be able to attend their wedding as once they all go back to their homes it would be really very difficult for everyone to get together again. Suddenly, Nilesh came up with the idea: what if they got married on March 22nd? â€Å"But how could it be? Our convocation is on March 21st Geeta said. â€Å"Exactly! All our classmates will definitely come here for convocation and they would not mind staying an extra day for the wedding. In fact, we will get the blessings of even their parents as many are planning to come for the convocation. † Geeta: Right. But so many things have to be done. That is also when the wedding season starts and all the reception halls become unavailable. For our send-off party, juniors were saying that hotels were insisting on 17 days notice. Of course, for Rs 5000/- extra the notice period can be reduced to 10 days. Nilesh: I want my brother and sister-in-law to come for the wedding. Geeta: But, they are in US and working. They will require at least 10 days before they can be here. Also my parents will have to buy your sister-in-law a sari-set (sari with matching blouse and petticoat) as per the tradition. She will have to be here well in time so that they can be fitted well. Nilesh: And catering! It takes two days to choose the menu and Pandal decorations. Hotel Sayaji wants at least 10 days notice period before the formal engagement ceremony (one night before the wedding). Geeta: And what about our dresses? These days, it is better to get it made after choosing the pattern and buying the material yourself. It would take three days to choose the pattern and eight days to order and receive the material after Nilesh: Yes. But the material supplier can deliver in five days if we pay an extra of Rs 1000/- for expediting it. Geeta: I want Joyti of Asha Boutique to work on our dresses. Nilesh: But she charges Rs 500/- for one day of work. Geeta: If I got my mother to do all the services, we could finish the dresses in 11 days. If Joyti helped, we could cut that down to six days, at a cost of Rs 500/- for each day less than 11 days. Nilesh: It would take another two days to do the final fitting. Then dry-cleaner will take two days to clean and press the dresses unless we pay Ps 1000/- for the express service of single day delivery. Geeta: That’s right. By the way, have you thought about invitations? Nobody will come unless we invite them formally. Nilesh: Anand Printing Press will take 12 days to print the invitation cards. Of course, they do have an express service and can deliver in five days if we pay them extra Rs 1500/Geeta: It will take three days to prepare the matter which will be printed and select the styles. Nilesh: Given the postal delays, the invitations have to go out at least 10 days before the wedding. Geeta: Mailing them will take a day and that cannot be done until we write addresses on them. Addressing will take four days unless we hire some help. We can finish addresses in two days if we hire a part-time help for Ps 200/-. Geeta: We also have to buy some jewellery items to be given as gift to my brother-in-law. It will take a day to do that Nilesh: But before we start writing address, we will have to prepare a guest list. We can’t afford to miss out on anyone important, as that will have an impact on the relationship with them forever. We will have to be really thorough on that. I think it will take four days to prepare an exhaustive guest list. Geeta: That does sound like a lot. Now it certainly looks much easier to earn an MBA degree than get married!!! QUESTIONS:1. Given the activities and precedence relationships described in the (A) case, develop a network diagram for the wedding plans. 2. Identify the paths. Which are critical? 3. What is the maximum cost plan that meets the March 22nd deadline? Case -2 {Continuation of Case 2} Marks-15 Several complications arose during the course of trying to meet the deadline of March 21, for the Nilesh— Geeta engagement. Since it was important for Nilesh and Geeta to get married on March 22nd, the implications of each of these complications had to be assessed. 1. All hotels informed that the express booking had to be withdrawn that year as there was a mad-rush for getting married, and therefore Nilesh and Geeta would have to give 17 days’ notice. 2. A call to the US revealed that brother and sister-in-law couldn’t leave till March 1st as they had urgent deadlines at work. 3. Nilesh came down with four day flu just as he started to work on the guest list. 4. The dress material was lost in transit. Notice of loss was delivered to Geeta on March 10th. 5. There was an unplanned repair work at Sayaji on March 8. They informed that they would be closed for two to three days. QUESTIONS :1. Given your answers to the (A) case, describe the effects on the wedding plans of each incident noted in the (B) case. SECTION B Attempt any 5 questions:- Marks-50 1) What is the linkage between product choices and process choices in an organization? 2) How can the internet affect the practice of operations management? Does it have any implications for operations strategy? 3) Does the organization structure influence the product development process and way? Explain. 4) Distinguish between assignable and common causes of variations. Why is this distinction important quality control? 5) How does the choice of the layout affect of the operational performance of an organization? 6) Explain how forecasting helps an organization handle uncertainties.

Strategy plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategy plan - Essay Example Rise Art is created by two close friends and it is inspired by the desire of art and knowledge. Rise Art assists artists to support and expand their functions in creative aspects. The organisation provides an online platform which can simplify the discovery of art to be easy and enjoyable. The art works which are traded by Rise Art are handmade and developed by the team. The organisation performs in conjecture with graduate degree programs in universities, schools, colleges, art galleries and museums in order to provide the customers with an access to incredible level of art (Rise Art Ltd, 2013). Research and Situation Creative industry plays a vital part in the growth of economy. It drives innovation, sustainability and prosperity of a nation. This creativity arrives from several sources namely arts, design, fashion, music and dance among others. The worth of creative industry is not purely practical in nature rather it communicates cultural value and social position of a nation. Si nce different people possess diverse imaginations and gifts, their creations are believed to have certain sensitive value. In the 21st century, these creativities such as designing, decorating or painting started to intertwine together with a range of modern business activities (Crown, 2011). In the UK, creative industry has contributed about ?36.3 billion Gross Value Added (GVA), signifying about 2.89% of total GVA in the year 2009. Among different segments of creative industry, publishing, advertising and television & radio provided the most support to the GVA of the UK. The creative industry also exported different services worth ?8.9 billion in 2009. This figure signifies the implication of creative industry in the UK (Crown, 2011). In the year 2011, there were about 106,700 creative organisations representing 5.1% of entire UK’s organisations. From 2009 to 2011, small growth was observed in the number of creative enterprises. Among other segments, music, visual and arts segments have replicated the utmost number of organisations in creative industry i.e. 1.5% of entire UK’s organisations. Apart from this, advertising, architecture, design and film organisations also represent considerable number of organisations in the UK (Crown, 2011). SWOT Analysis Before developing any communication strategy, it is essential to understand the key strengths and weaknesses of an organisation. Following is the SWOT analysis of Rise Art which would be helpful for developing communication strategy. Strengths Weaknesses Strong market of art Niche customer segment Online interactions Alignment with campuses, art galleries and museums Limited opportunity to make revenue Weak presence in online media Low brand reputation Opportunities Threats Involve the young consumer segment Drive promotional campaign to enhance fan and supporter base Use different public relations (PR) techniques to enhance brand image Competition from other art organisations Evolution in art c an generate confusion for requisite spread of messages Economic condition can reduce the spending of customers of art related products Goals and Objectives The key objectives of the communication plan are: To develop strategies for introducing Rise Art as one of the leading art organisations in creative industry of the UK To drive more traffic to the website developed by Rise Art by involving young customer segment To successfully implement PR strategy in order to enhance brand

Legislative Activism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Legislative Activism - Research Paper Example icians use discriminations as platforms for change, sociologists and anthropologists look at culture based on interactions between people of different skin colors, and forms are filled out that consistently ask the question of skin color, the one belief that does not seem to be readily available to the American people is that skin color has no bearing on any display of differences between people who are born in the same region. The unfortunate consequence of believing that skin color is relevant to differences within the human species is that some people are subjugated while others gain a position of superiority that has no real basis. In researching this topic, the vision of a young child who saw people as ‘peach people’ and ‘brown people’ comes to mind his thoughts categorizing them in color groups, but without the insinuated ‘stereotypes’ that come from the concepts of ‘black’ and ‘white’. The consequence of categorization through false representations of color and implied attributes is that a perpetuation of ignorance influences the course of history within the Western world, and primarily within the United States. As a result, the United States has developed an arrogance about the rest of the world based upon the myth of the ‘average’ Caucasian in exchange for a frequent view from other cultures of the world that the United States has hubris and a false sense of superiority based upon prejudiced reactions to people of ethnicities that visually present differently than Caucasians. The issue of race is a persistent problem that invades every part of life that is associated with the legal system. Most, if not all, legal forms ask questions that pertain to race, despite the inaccuracy of the descriptions of skin color from which those forms categorize people. Race is merely a social grouping in which a culture has decided to divide people. That can be done through skin color as easily as it could be done through hair color or eye color.

Teaching English to Arab Students Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teaching English to Arab Students - Assignment Example Background of the Problem: It has frequently been observed that the Arab students, arriving in the modern countries, are seldom familiar with the English language altogether. It is partly due to the very fact that they have obtained their primary and elementary levels education in the native Arabic language, the patterns including sentence structure, grammar, composition and syntax etc are entirely different from English in all regards. Consequently, they have to undergo serious difficulties while learning English language skills (McCardle & Hoff, 2006, p.43). Not only this that the students find it very problematic and challenging one, but also the teachers also witness grave problems while making attempts to coach the Arabs how to read, write and speak English in order to complete their studies and obtain higher degrees as well (Ansari, 2012, p.2). Since the English speaking nations, particularly the USA and UK have made marvellous inventions in all fields of life, which have force d the entire world to learn their language in order to survive and cope up with the latest challenges modern life offers to man. Consequently, technological superiority and economic stabilities of some of the most developed English speaking nations serve as the major reasons that have urged the non-English speaking nations to learn English language skills, so that they could be in a position of taking advantages of the latest developments being made all around them. English is, Graddol submits, closely associated with the leading edge of global scientific, technological, economic and cultural developments, where it has been unrivalled in its influence in the late 20th century (2000, p.4). Thus, the achievements made by the English speaking nations in the fields of... This essay stresses that the contemporary era is pertinently viewed to be the age of globalisation, where the activities being conducted in one region of the globe have their significant influence on even the remotest zones existing on the face of the earth. Technological advancements have played their decisive role in bringing the individuals and societies closer to each other in the wake of the inventions made in the field of science and technology including airplane, computer, the Internet and others, which have turned communication between the individuals very fast, simple and easy. This paper makes a conclusion that it becomes evident that the present study has been conducted in a limited scenario, which concentrates upon the differences between the style, diction, syntax and pronunciation of Arabic and English languages on the one side, and the cultural variation between both the civilisations on the other. In addition, the present study has also confined its canvas to the initial hurdles that appear on the way to the Arab students while seeking education in English language. However, some other research could also be conducted on the same or similar topic that could make more elaboration of the grammatical and technical differences between the languages under examination for drawing out conclusions regarding the problems of the Arab students while ESL learning procedure, as well as the difficulties of the teachers to cope with the issue.

Evidence Base Practice Proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evidence Base Practice - Research Proposal Example Level of education had no major impact on the effect of the intervention neither in men (p=0.39) nor in women (p=0.32). Research concentrates on the general aspects of diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Concentrates on studies regarding communication techniques. Also includes studies that examine intermediate outcomes On the question whether aspirin regime and change of lifestyle would assist in the reduction of heart illnesses, findings found it possible. A change of lifestyle, for example reduced smoking and alcohol intake will definitely reduce the risk of heart diseases. Findings indicated that most women had knowledge of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. There were barriers to healthy diet among women one of which was concern of food wastage. The study recorded positive attitudes towards physical activity. Univariate modeling indicated that higher motivation scores were connected with greater individual risk factor knowledge/awareness and more concern about cardiovascular disease (CVD) (R2=0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35-0.50 for both scores). Younger age, Asian ethnicity, and lower education levels were linked with reduced desire to adjust their cardiovascular risk factors ( p

American Government Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

American Government - Research Paper Example The freedom of expression and speech was highly compromised. The Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918 respectively put Civil War newspapers in between hard rock and a hard place. The reporters of that time could not exercise their duties and freedoms without fear of persecution or threats. The United States Government put the Espionage Act with the aim of dissolving the overwrought climate that arose from the World War I. Woodrow Wilson and his team made the decision to institute a regulation that would counter the Americans if and when they attempted to cause harm to the nation. The law was also out to protect the country against propaganda warfare in the United States. The act contained a clause that made retrieval of information with the intent to harm to the United States a criminal offense. The act went further to make acts involving search of information with the aim of harming the navy or the military personnel an offense. Of course, the requirements stated in the Espionage act were reasonable, and they all contributed towards the safety and stabilization of the United States. However, the Sedition Act, a refinement of the Espionage act, took things to an entirely different level. The 1918 amendment made it illegal to engage in actions that would amount to insulting the military, the navy, and the national flag. The government went overboard in developing both the Espionage and the Sedition act (Hall and Patrick 78). The Sedition act robbed the American citizens and workers within the nation their inalienable constitutional rights, namely the free press and free press parts. The Sedition act defined writing, saying, printing, or even publishing any material that was profane, disloyal, or abusive in any nature towards the government, the military, or the constitution as illegal. In addition to that, the media and journalists would get themselves into hot trying pans if they dared mention anything that seemed as though was

Insanity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Insanity - Essay Example Known as the â€Å"Son of Sam†, Berkowitz killed six people and wounded seven others (Reamer, 11). Berkowitz believed his neighbors dog was giving him orders to kill. Although, Berkowitz heard voices and technically qualified for the insanity defense, he pleaded guilty without a trial. Some have speculated the Berkowitz was schizophrenic, but the vigilante atmosphere in New York did not make his prospects during a trial look good. The reason that Berkowitz could have successfully used the Insanity Defense was his belief that the neighbor Sam Carrs dog was ordering him to kill. Apparently the constant barking convinced Berkowitz that to stop the barking he had to kill. Since, Sam Carr was ordering his dog to speak messages to Berkowitz, Berkowitz thought his actions were right at the time of the murder. Today, David Berkowitz realizes that his actions were wrong. However, that is not the standard for the Insanity Defense. The defendant has to believe what they are doing is not wrong at the time of the crime. When a defendant hears voices commanding them to commit crimes, generally they are not guilty by the reason of insanity. In American justice, sometimes a zealous prosecution or public opinion can ignore this fact. A case of an unsuccessful Insanity Defense is the Jeffrey Dahmer. Jeffrey Dahmer killed seventeen boys over a thirteen year period. There is no doubt that Jeffrey Dahmer was mentally ill. His feelings of shame about his homosexuality mixed with his parents divorce caused him to act out and drink excessively. Dahmers fear of abandonment led him to kill and experiment with making his lovers zombies. This was because of his fear of abandonment. He wanted love so bad, the need to keep his victims was a stronger urge than he could bear. Dahmer pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity, but was found guilty. He was sentenced to life, but

Substance use and mental health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Substance use and mental health - Essay Example The list of substances that are abused is broad and the method and route of administration also vary. The problem with abusing substances however is not present only in young population but is more diffusely distributed in all ages and social groups. Most common substance abuse found in the same statistical analysis in the general population ranging between age of 16 and 74, that was reported by the participants themselves was cannabis (in 24 %), amphetamines were tried or used by 7 % of the cohort group, 5% ever in their life used magic mushrooms, about 4 % of the cohort population ever in their life used or are still using ecstasy, cocaine, LSD, tranquilizers were used by 3% of the population, other volatile substances and gases were used in 1% of the population and other substances like crack, heroin, steroids were also present in about 1%. There are also other substances that were used but are not listed in this text. Also we must have in mind that this study was based on the sel f-report of the participants so there is a possibility for even larger prevalence of these substances if we consider the population that didn’t report abuse of substances. ... iew Schedule CIS-R, where score above 12 is considered a sign of high probability for neurotic disorder in one person and in participants with score above 18 is considered that psychiatric treatment is necessary (Lewis et al, 1992). They also tested for disorders in the personality of the participants using the SCID-II (Semi-structured interview for making DSM-IV Axis II: Personality Disorder diagnoses). It is a set of questions that are completed by the participants in order to assess the personality disorder based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental  Disorders,  Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). They also used Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry manual to asses for psychosis or more severe psychiatric disorder in the participants. Based on these examinations it was found that abuse of substances was more common in participants who tested positive in some of the screening tests that were used. It was found that 12 % of the people who scored 12 or above on the CIS-R scale (some type of neurosis) had abused substances in the last month before the survey compared to 5% of the other population. Among the specific neuroses it was found that participants with suspicion for obsessive-compulsive disorder had the higher incidence of substance abuse in the previous month (15%). Most significantly it was found that 32% of the participants that were suspected for presence of anti-social personality disorder was found that were abusing some substance in the previous month before the survey. In the group of participants that were diagnosed with psychosis or other major psychiatric disorder no significance in incidence of abusing substances was found. Based on this study we can conclude that neurosis, antisocial personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive

Health education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health education - Assignment Example The hair should be washed everyday using shampoo and rinsed well before it is dried. When bathing children, one should pay attention to all folds including the underarm, neck, ears and in between the feet. Clean clothes and shoes should be put on after taking a bath. Shoes should be polished; wiped or washed according to their make to improve their appearance and to make them last longer. Children should wear clean socks in closed shoes. This will absorb sweat and keep their feet dry and comfortable. They should brush their teeth before going to bed and after every meal to fight against tooth decay. They should learn how to brush their teeth by themselves, and it is better if they do it together with an adult. During the day, a child should fill his or her mouth with water and swish it to remove anything that is stuck in the teeth. Taking large quantities of sugary foodstuff should be avoided as it promotes tooth decay. Under clothes should be changed more often with clean, dry ones. They should well fitting and in good condition. This should be done because under clothes are worn directly next to the skin and they gather a lot of sweat and dead skin. Wearing clean under clothes prevents skin diseases such as itchy rashes and ringworms. The child also smells good and thus, he is confident to interact with adults and other children. Children should be encouraged to wash their hands with soap and clean water regularly. This should be done before and after handling or eating of food and after visiting the toilet. Children should be discouraged from inserting their hands in their mouths. |This is because, at playtime, they gather lots of dirt in their hands because of touching anything that interests them. Regular washing of hands reduces them from the risk of getting diseases like diarrhea, stomach upsets and typhoid. Both hand and toe nails should be trimmed as long nails collect lots of germs and bacteria during playtime. In

Explore Joe Gargerys role in Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Explore Joe Gargerys role in Great Expectations Essay In Great Expectations, Joe acts as a father figure to Pip, when he is in fact his brother-in-law, as Joe married Pip’s sister, Mrs Joe Gargery. We are introduced to Joe as a â€Å"mild, good-natured, sweet-tempered, easy-going, foolish, dear fellow†. Pip describes him as a kind and gentle man, making the reader immediately like him. â€Å"Good-natured† and â€Å"sweet-tempered† give Joe an endearing quality, so the reader is drawn to him. However, â€Å"foolish† introduces a potentially negative side to his character, like he is stupid, although this too could be considered endearing. Perhaps Dickens does this so that we can understand Joe’s actions better, or at least don’t view him too negatively when he can’t protect Pip from Mrs Joe. In contrast to his gentle personality, he is a blacksmith, and therefore a strong man. Pip thinks of him â€Å"like the steam-hammer, that can crush a man or pat an egg shell†. He is likening Joe to a machine in the forge, giving Joe a sense of power. Although, â€Å"crush† is quite a violent word, suggesting Joe to be violent, which he definitely is not. Perhaps Dickens included this detail to make us respect Joe, which is important for later on in the novel, so we don’t just view him as a â€Å"sweet-tempered† man. But there is a sense of this good natured man in the word â€Å"pat†, it could potentially have paternal connotations. Perhaps this links to the image of the egg shell as well, as it is a fragile protector of life. Furthermore Joe could almost be seen as the protector of Pip’s life, as he saves him several times. Also egg shells can be strong, but have weak sides if they are put under stress, just like Joe has a weak side he can’t protect Joe from Mrs Joe Gargery. As well as this, there is the idea that Joe is in control, in the words â€Å"can† and â€Å"or†, he can choose which side of himself to be, strong or gentle. This is a very adult concept, but Joe can sometimes be very childlike. Joe can’t deal with the idea of death, despite being a strong blacksmith. When Pip asks Joe if Miss Havisham died, he eventually replies â€Å"she ain’t living†. This is a very backward way of saying it, a way we don’t normally use, showing Joe’s childish innocence. He avoids the subject of death again, when Pip asks him if he had heard of Magwitch’s death. Even though Joe never knew him personally, he avoids saying the words, instead he says he heard â€Å"something or another in a general way in that direction†. The vagueness of this statement is almost humorous, he can’t even just say â€Å"yes†. Joe is unable to confirm a person’s death, he just brushes over the subject, not fully acknowledging or possibly understanding it, like a child would. Another way Dickens portrays this childishness is through making Joe illiterate. Pip writes him a letter, and all he can read is his name: â€Å"Why, here’s three Js, and three Os, and three J-O, Joes, in it, Pip! † The exclamation mark at the end implies he is excited and proud that he has managed to read, and that he is wanting Pip to recognise his achievement, like a child would want their father too. This childishness makes Joe a lovable character, the reader wants to see him do well. Perhaps it also makes Pip’s behaviour towards him seem worse, from the reader’s perspective, as Joe is such an innocent character. Whilst Joe may not have great knowledge or academic skills, he possesses something most of the other characters dont have, self-knowledge, he recognises he is illiterate and ‘stupid’. He tells Pip on two separate occasions that he is â€Å"most awful dull†. He is accepting of himself, he knows he is not the cleverest, in fact â€Å"awful† suggests that he thinks he is very stupid. Moreover, â€Å"dull† could imply many things, not only that he is stupid, but also that he isn’t sharp. Perhaps this is a reference to him being a black smith, that he is like one of his hammers, only good for physically things, he’s not sharp witted or clever. â€Å"Dull† could also intimate that he thinks he is boring, perhaps why he struggles to talk to, or be in the presence of people in a higher class to himself, because he considers himself boring and unworthy. But this ‘dullness’ does not stop him from being wise. Throughout the novel, Joe gives Pip many pieces of advice, for example â€Å"if you can’t get to be oncommon through going straight, you’ll never get to do it through going crooked†. Joe, even though he is perhaps the most uneducated character (shown in the wording of the sentence) he can sometimes be the most wise and honourable. Because of this he acts as a hidden role model for Pip. Not only is he honourable and wise, he understands his place: â€Å"I am wrong out of the forge† he tells Pip at their awkward reunion. Dickens suggests (through Joe) that people should stay in their class, and not aspire or try to move up; he argues for social immobility. Joe tells Pip that if he ever came back to the forge he’d â€Å"see Joe the blacksmith, there, at the old anvil, in the old burnt apron, sticking to the old work. † Joe labels himself â€Å"the blacksmith† implying that he believes it is all he is good at. The repetition of â€Å"old† makes him seem experienced, as he has been doing it a long time. There is also the idea that he clings or latches onto his work, in the word â€Å"sticking†, he fixes himself onto it so much that it has become how he defines himself. The fact that he feels himself â€Å"wrong† when not in the forge could be the reason why he can’t talk to Miss Havisham: â€Å"Joe persisted in addressing me. † It is like he cannot deal with the formality of he occasion, as he feels he doesn’t belong there. Dickens humiliates Joe here, presenting him as a shy and awkward character, making the reader sympathise with him. This is another negative quality, helping to balance out the character of Joe.

Juvenile Delinquency And Gangs Criminology Essay

Juvenile Delinquency And Gangs Criminology Essay A juvenile gang is an anti-social or any criminal act that is evident among children or adolescents. Juvenile delinquency is a legal term referring to how the children and adolescents behave and is viewed by the adults as a crime that needs to be judged under law (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2010). Its meaning and age limit differs in different countries, with some setting the juveniles maximum age limit to be fourteen years while others may be as high as twenty one years. In many countries, those people that fall between the ages of sixteen to twenty years are considered as adults, and it is within this age group that the high crime incidence rate is evident. Some major factors that are attributed to development of bad behaviors are psychological, social and economic factors. Juvenile crime and delinquency are serious problems in the whole world. Extend of effects depends mostly on the social, economic and cultural conditions in every country. Due to difficult times in economy of a country evident by less trade and unemployment, there has been an increase in juvenile criminality. Poor socio-economic environment that is shaped by poverty and destitution have contributed to poor social background involving violence (Gordon, 2006). The likelihood of becoming a victim of violence is much higher for gang members than it is for members of other peer groups (Gordon, 2006). Most of the criminal cases that are evident among the adults are usually based on their bad behaviors when they were young. A criminal offense that is frequently committed by the children is theft and other bad behaviors like rape and more serious property destruction is usual ly evident at later age. There are differential offending patterns among the minority (black) and the white youths. According to Charish, Sebastian Kelly (2004), the minority youths were much more likely to have prior and chronic histories for delinquency. The Africa American youths were arrested with serious violent crimes than the whites, the report also concluded. The homosexuality have led high incidence of gay and lesbian youths to attempt suicide and involvement in juvenile delinquencies that can eventually lead to self destruction. Religion is believed to exist to give people a false hope for the future and to keep people motivated during the present. According to Jensen and Rojek (2003), they stated that social order could be maintained only if people had common beliefs in something greater than themselves. In addition, religion has made people to be less involved in criminal and fully engage in their social roles and ignoring oppressions of their economic systems. One of the ways through which religion can improve societys ethical well being is through reducing crime rates. However, this statement will only be justifiable if analysts truly prove that there is significant relationship between religion and crime. The disorganization in families that can lead to emotional maladjustments plays an important role in arising of many delinquents (Gordon, 2006). In many cities adolescents usually forms a gang in which many young people are involved by acquiring these bad behaviors. After the development of juvenile court, there was an effective judgment among the youthful offenders and the adults. These systems have been campaigning for informal procedure and corrections, a duty that is assigned to psychiatric clinicians, rather than punishment. In early nineteenth century, the juvenile correction centers shave been separated from prisons. Even though these centers are not adequate, they have immensely participated in the development of rehabilitation programs, provision of vocational training and psychiatric treatment. The parole systems, foster homes, child guidance clinics and public juvenile protective agencies have played a great role in correction of delinquent and maladjusted children (Gordon , 2006). Multicultural Issues and Ethnical Implications Race or Ethnicity Various multicultural issues have become of major concern in many of the juvenile delinquencies. Race or ethnicity has proven to be of hindrance to equal justice for all in western countries especially in America. A report showing that the number of imprisoned minority youth was gradually increasing even when the number of their arrests declined clearly proves that there was no fairness in the juvenile courts, (Charish, Sebastian Kelly, 2004). The inappropriate representation of the minority youth is attributed to greater involvement of the minority youth in crime and also unequal treatment of minority youth in juvenile courts. There is an evidential great difference in the offending pattern basing on the racial and ethnic groups. The American government perceived the fact that the high number of black youths in the juvenile courts revealed their greater involvement in criminal activities. The greater involvement of the minority youth in crimes than the whites is largely contributed to their social status in the surrounding environment. There is a high degree of injustices that are evident in the authority systems. The research have shown that race and gender effects are of great significance for juveniles of which those from rich white families receives government assistance while the poor blacks faces harsher juvenile justice decisions, (Charish, Sebastian Kelly, 2004). The African American juvenile delinquents were more likely than the white youths to be detained, have their petitions filed and were less likely to be placed on probation at fist intake. The gender effects were also evident in the juvenile system process. It was shown that the females had low chances of being detained, have their petitions filed, transferred to adult courts, high chances of having their petitions filed and were more likely to be placed in custody if they were adjudicated by the juvenile courts. According to Charish, Sebastian Kelly (2004), in the American rural cities, the African American youth had greater chances of having their cases being dismissed than among the whites. The Hispanic youths had low chances to have petitions filed on their cases compared to the whites. However, if they were adjudicated they would be more preferably placed in custody than the white youths. African American and Hispanic juvenile delinquents caught with the first offence received greater preference to have their cases dismissed than the whites with their first criminal judges. Those Hispanic youths that were first time criminal offenders and had been adjudicated had high degree to be placed in custody than the whites with same offence. Homosexuality Violence against gay males and lesbians, of which many of them are young people, has emerged as a significant social problem (Gordon, 2006). Juvenile delinquency holds negative, ambivalent and defensiveness towards homosexuals. Homosexuality is perceived to be a very common moral behavior and it has been known to exist in about fifty percent of the male population. The problems of sexual abuse experienced by these people have led them to engage in violent acts in society. Some other young children runs out of their families to the streets when they are discovered as lesbians or gays and thus ending up as street robbers or gets involved in other criminal acts. Some males involved in homosexuality may go against the society bearing hatred in their hearts and these may lead to development of delinquency with the likelihood of these young people joining youth gang and be incarcerated during their adolescent age (Action Committee against Violence, 2003). It has been evident that most of the male rapes in our society take place in prison (Gordon, 2006). The existences of homophobia among the homosexuals have resulted in many problems, including high rates of suicidal behavior. A conclusion is based on the fact that, when a society imposes a sense of self-hatred to minority group, they are forced to adapt high rates of suicide, substance abuse, violence and creation of individuals characterized with difficulties in having love relationships. Homosexuals are not criminals and incarceration is not the best way to solve the problems brought by homosexuality. They should be pursued to change through the psychiatric treatment rather than imprisonment. The homosexuals are known to suffer from torture, ill-treatment and violence at the hands of fellow inmates and also prison officials (Gordon, 2006). Religion The power and influence of religion on delinquency is much more perplexing than the media or acts of community (Jensen Rojek 2003). Religion being such a controversial, sensitive issue and being viewed from different levels has proved to be difficult to understand its impacts on juvenile delinquency. But in other hand, religion is known to play an important role in influencing the behavior of people, sets values for society and correlates with delinquencies in several ways. Crime and religion have for years going through different studies that seek to explore their relationship. Religion is said to bring social order in society since people would have a common belief on something greater than themselves. Religious involvement throughout adolescents significantly lessens the risk of later adult criminality. In addition religion leads to development of empathy within the youths and this helps to prevent high risk of urban youths from delinquent behavior (Jensen Rojek 2003). Despite a ll these, it is evident that there are negative values associated with religion and crime. Religious groups have participated in violent acts in the name of their religious causes. Religious crimes such as the bombing of abortion clinics and the trashing of adult bookstores were all done in regard of strong faith, (Jensen Rojek 2003). Difference in religious backgrounds between the parent and the child can lead to argumentative issues that increase the risk of delinquencies. Socioeconomics One of the most common factors that contribute to the occurrence of delinquent behaviors among the juveniles is poverty (Jensen Rojek 2003). Those children that are brought up in poor families are likely to face more economic strain and in trying to obtain their daily needs. The juveniles in jurisdiction who are wealthier are treated less severely by juvenile justice decision makers compared to the poor juveniles. According to Gordon (2006), the studies that were carried out showed that juvenile punishment not only responds to crime, but also to specific community conditions. The development of numerous programs that are meant to lower delinquency rates have led to economic drain since most of them are established of which many do not function effectively. The more efficient programs are those established before occurrence of delinquent behaviors and aims at preventing that behavior. This means that the childrens behavior at early age is detected and any precaution can be taken. More severe antisocial outcomes are related to early adoption of eloquent behaviors. Children with low intelligent capacity who have poor performance in school face physical abuse from the parents which in turn leads to delinquent outcomes (Alina, 2009). Besides the socioeconomic status, the effects of child rearing practices play a great role in determining the childs behavior. Those children that are raised by distressed and unsupportive families had higher possibility of developing delinquent behaviors than those from supportive families. The difference in the social status between the urban and rural areas youth have resulted to varied crime rates. Crime rates in urban are higher than in rural because of the occurrence of slums, overcrowded settlements and lack of basic services. Delinquency rates are high in the more economically and technologically advanced countries (Alina, 2009). Conclusion Juvenile delinquency is a serious problem all over the world that not only affects the victim of the crime but also juvenile delinquents family, their future and society at large. Juvenile delinquency covers a wide range of violations of legal and social norms ranging from smaller to severe crimes committed by minors. Young people living in harsh situations like poverty, dysfunctional families, substance abuse and death of family members are at a risk of becoming delinquent. The occurrence of juvenile delinquency is roundly attributed to both biological and social effects. The Childs behavior is based on existence of more abstract context of socialization. The major prominent forces that are sources of delinquency are the media, community and religion. The minority youth group are highly involved in crime and receives harsher juvenile justice system treatment than white youths. Racial disparity exists in the absence of differential treatment. More studies have shown occurrence of dis crepancies in law enforcements treatment of minority group. In order to get rid of delinquent children in the society, the community should actively involve themselves in providing essential services for the well being of their children.

Life And Works Of Robert Mapplethorpe Film Studies Essay

Life And Works Of Robert Mapplethorpe Film Studies Essay The third of six children, Robert Mapplethorpe was born into a working-class Catholic family in Floral Park, Long Island on November 4th 1946. His childhood and adolescence were difficult because of his gawky physicality, his brothers athletic and academic success and his own early demonstration of artistic talent. After an accelerated career in high school, Mapplethorpe entered the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn to study technical illustration and where he became a member of the ROTC (Reserve Officers Training Corps) in a bid to placate his father who disapproved of his artistic ambitions. Because of his experimentation with hippy culture and his fathers hostility, he never completed his degree at Pratt; instead he moved to Manhattan just before the summer of 1969. Mapplethorpes early artistic endeavours focused on collage work with found objects and jewellery design. In 1970 a fellow resident of the Chelsea Hotel introduced him to photography with the gift of a Polaroid camera and Mapplethorpe started by experimenting with self-portraits. Mapplethorpe had his first one-man show in November 1970, but did not achieve recognition in the New York art world until 1977. On February 4th 1977, Mapplethorpe had joint shows at the Holly Solomon Gallery and the Kitchen. Although both shows were organised by Solomon, the mainstream exhibition featured his flowers and portraits while the avant-garde exhibit consisted of his sex pictures. This segregation of subject matter would continue throughout Mapplethorpes career. Just over a decade later, Mapplethorpe was the subject of retrospectives in Amsterdam, London and the United States. In July of 1988 the Whitney Museum of American Art honoured Mapplethorpe with a retrospective exhibition, their first for a photographer. In December 1988, a slightly larger retrospective, The Perfect Moment, opened at the Institute of Contemporary Art in Philadelphia. Mapplethorpe was able to experience his rise to the pinnacle of the art world, but, as he commented to numerous interviewers, he was unable to take advantage of the fame. He died from complications related to Aids on March 9th 1989. Memorial services were held at the Catholic Church Mapplethorpe had attended as a child in Floral Park and at the Whitney Museum in New York. Populated mainly with members of New York Citys social and artistic elite, Robert Mapplethorpes book of portraits, Certain People, has a title with more than one possible meaning as noted in Susan Sontags essay. There is certain in the sense of some and not others; and certain in the sense of self-confident, sure, clear. Certain People are, mostly, people found, coaxed or arranged into a certainty about themselves. That is what seduces, that is what is disclosed in these bulletins of a great photographers observations and encounters. Although they are not famous in the same way as Annie Liebovitz, Philip Glass or Bruce Chatwin people who appear in Certain People Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter are exceptional in their own right. In their stance and with their defiant gaze, they have the same self-assurance as the celebrities that Mapplethorpe photographed. His camera treats them with the same dignity as that reserved for Lord Snowdon or Louise Bourgeois. Their portrait exemplifies many of the formal and thematic concerns that inform Mapplethorpes larger body of work. Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter (1979) (fig. 1) is a portrait staged according to the conventions of the royal couple portrait of Enlightenment Europe or the formal family portrait of the Victorian Age. Ridley and Heeter are centred in the frame and positioned frontally with respect to the viewer. Ridley is seated with Heeter standing at his side. The setting for the portrait is clearly domestic, presumably the living room of the couple. The heavy buttoned wing-backed leather chair in which Ridley is seated, the Oriental carpet beneath his feet, the modern lines of the console table to his right as well as the objets dart on the various surfaces indicate a degree of taste and wealth. The just-so arrangement of the furniture clearly signifies a gay male aesthetic of a particular kind. The parallel costuming of Ridley and Heeter indicate a gay male aesthetic of a very different but equally stylised kind. Heeter stands to Ridleys left casually holding two metal rings from which hangs a chain connected to the studded leather collar around Ridleys neck. In his left hand, Heeter holds a riding crop, angled toward Ridley, resting inside the arm of the chair, in ominous proximity to Ridleys body; much as a rider would hold it against the flank of his mount. Heeter is adorned in full leather drag: cap, jacket, studded belt, cod-piece trousers and biker boots. To emphasise the confidence with which he carries his power, he leans against Ridleys chair and crosses his right foot over his left in a relaxed, semi-swaggering stance. Ridleys leather uniform is virtually identical to Heeters biker boots, leather chaps, biker jacket. The differences between Ridleys and Heeters costumes indicate their respective positions in the relationship: instead of a cap, Ridley wears a collar, instead of a riding crop, he sports chains; these differences, along with the pairs physical positions gesture toward the power differential that the couple perform. From this description of the photograph, Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter could be characterised as a family portrait of a sadomasochistic couple. Although hardly as shocking as many of Mapplethorpes other sadomasochistic-themed photographs, the image is still unsettling. First, the portrait disturbs the classificatory terms it invokes. Is it possible for family, sadomasochism or portrait to mean the same thing independently and jumbled up together? If the picture grants Heeter and Ridley a certain kind of elegance, beauty and dignity, is this evidence that notions of family, domesticity and coupling are sufficiently elastic to incorporate sadomasochistic eroticism? If Ridley and Heeter are able to pose their unconventionally adorned bodies according to the codes of the conventional family portrait, is this evidence that family, domesticity and coupling have always already incorporated sadomasochistic eroticism? Second, aside from complicating dominant narratives of familial relationship s, this portrait exposes something about the relationship between the practices of photography and self-presentation. What does the staging of Ridley and Heeter in full leather drag show about the ideological work of portraiture writ large? What does this photograph expose about the relationship between power, eroticism, theatricality and image making? Given that both sets of questions relate to the tension between the pictures subject matter and its representational codes, is it fair to conclude that the relationship between content the sadomasochistic couple and form the family portrait makes Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter such an arresting photograph? More precisely, is it the photographs combination of form and content which helps us to see the never-before-related phenomena sadomasochistic couple and formal portrait in a different way, that makes this photograph worthy of critical analysis? In the following chapters I will focus on the relationship between form and content in Mapplethorpes images, with attention to his sex pictures. The interaction of form and content in these images, I contend, trains the viewer to see in a new way: not only to see the specific subject matter differently, but to see the practice of image making in art or in life differently. The beauty of Mapplethorpes images renders culturally unpalatable subject matter attractive and desirable. The stylised composition of Mapplethorpes images also reflects in the forms of self-stylisation within the images, using photographic style to expose personal styling as an equivalent staging, construction and performance. Form and content, then, function sometimes co-operatively, sometimes in opposition to make the spectator aware of the assumptions they bring to the photograph. The analysis of Mapplethorpes images will attend not only to how he represents masculinity and the performance of gay male ident ity but also to how his images draw attention to the dynamics of representation itself. Most commentators identify the curious disjunctionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ between the visual appeal of his photographs as pictures and the discomforting nature of his subject matter as the quintessential element of Mapplethorpes pictorial style. Arthur Danto, one of Mapplethorpes staunchest defenders characterises the artists work as both Dionysian and Apollonian at once. According to Danto, the sexual energy of the images content has a dialectic relationship to their chastely classic style of presentation; this tension is so profound, Danto finds Hegels notion of aufhebung a useful concept with which to addressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Mapplethorpes images. The forbidden and unsettling content of Mapplethorpes images is not erased by their pristine and mannered formalisation, and even the most sexually explicit of Mapplethorpes images both go beyond and fail as pornography, precisely because of their crisp beauty and clean elegance. The content is preserved. But it is also negated, and it is transcen ded, and that means the work cannot merely be reduced to its content. Ingrid Sischy, one of the most eloquent writers on Mapplethorpes sexual imagery, identifies this tension between form and content as the source of shock in Mapplethorpes photographs: What shocks isnt just the material, but how it is so artfully presented. The content, lighting, composition, sense of order and aesthetics all combine to give the photograph an unforgettable impact. The photographs impact depends on the audacious choice to present the forbidden, the transgressive, the underground, the violent, and the repressed in a beautiful manner. As Sischy goes on to observe, Mapplethorpes eye for beauty enables the pictures to challenge, among other things, prevailing notions about sadomasochism and homoeroticism. Germano Celants essay in the catalogue from a Guggenheim exhibition compares Mapplethorpes photographs with Mannerist paintings. He argues that Mapplethorpes style works to both defuse and legitimise th e content of his images by linking them to aesthetic codes of the past. Extending Dantos observation about the importance of the tension between form and content for understanding Mapplethorpes work aesthetically, Sischy and Celant argue that this tension is the key to evaluating Mapplethorpes images politically. Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter illustrates how the relationship between form and content functions across Mapplethorpes body of work. As already noted the tension between the mundanity of the portraits setting and style and the atypicality of the subjects costume and identity generates the images energy and arrests the viewers attention. As Danto observes: They look as though this were the most natural thing in the world for them to be doing in their middle-class living roomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. [But] what is a sexual slave doing sitting that way in a comfortable armchair? Form and content also generate tension with respect to time. To what historical moment does this photograph r ightfully belong? As several commentators have noted, Mapplethorpes sex photographs are important, if for no other reason, because they document a certain gay male subculture whose adherents failed to survive the ravages of Aids. This subject matter, closely tied to the sexual exploration of the 70s, was captured, however, using a visual aesthetic associated with late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century photography, if not older notions of symmetry, order and perfection. As Joan Didion observed in her introductory essay to Mapplethorpes collection of female portraits, Some Women: Robert Mapplethorpes work has often been seen as an aesthetic sport, so entirely outside any historical or social context, and so new, as to resist interpretation. This newness has in fact become so fixed an idea about Mapplethorpe that we tend to overlook the source of his strength, which derived, from the beginning, less from the shock of the new than from the shock of the oldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. There was, above all, the perilous imposition of order on chaos, of classical form on unthinkable images. Didions comments clarify that Mapplethorpes images are neither without historical context nor fixed within a single historical context. Instead, subject and style belong to different, and seemingly disparate, historical moments and social milieu. The form of Mapplethorpes photographs, however, renders the content of his images thinkable, palatable, legitimate. Mapplethorpes combination of form and content, then, is anything but dilettantism. Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter also plays with the distinction between public and private spaces. The space of the picture is a living room, a domestic space, a space hidden from the worlds prying eyes and attendant judgements. The sexual identity evoked by the subjects costumes also signifies private space; they are culturally understood as taboo, necessitating secrecy. The space of the portrait, both generally as a visual form and specifically as an artefact in a book or gallery, is, however, public. The staged presentation of these subjects underlines that they are opening their private space[s] to public scrutiny. This picture is not a snapshot; it is not a candid photo; it is not an image captured on the sly as in the work of Garry Winogrand. It is, instead, a formal portrait that required preparation and planning. As Danto points out, when emphasising the relationship of trust that Mapplethorpe must have developed with his photographic subjects, indicated by the settings, the sta ging, the careful execution and the use of names, in the photographs titles, it is clear that Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter, like Mapplethorpes other subjects, have consented to having this image made. They have admitted Mapplethorpe (and, consequently, the viewer) into their lives, such that the photographer [and, consequently, the viewer] shares a moral space with them. Heeter and Ridleys consensual act of opening their home works to situate the spectator non-consensually in a common, private space. This exposure of the taboo to public scrutiny compels the viewer to accept this intrusion into the public sphere; by voluntarily opening the walls of their private space, Ridley and Heeter have challenged the boundaries of what is acceptable in the public space. The form of the photograph as a posed portrait, then, sharpens the political challenge of its content. The troubling of the boundary between public and private establishes a complicated relationship between the image and temporality. As a portrait, Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter is the memorialisation of a single instant in the life of this couple. At the same time, given the disconnection between their regalia and their setting, the portrait necessarily invokes a before and an after. Insofar as Heeters and Ridleys costumes signify a particular set of sexual practices, they are not practices that likely take place (primarily) in the space in which they are photographed. Their costumes suggest the space of the playroom, the dungeon, the sex club places significantly different from the one they occupy. The portrait evokes a place and time outside the environs of the setting for the erotic activity it suggests. Because the sexual activity suggested by this photograph is understood as taboo, as requiring a private space, even though it is being exposed to a public viewing, the portrait als o intimates that these costumes and these roles are not the totality of the lives of these portrait subjects. Just as the picture suggests other times and places for sexual activity, the specificity of the intimated sexual activity, by negative implication, suggests non-sexual times and places in these subjects lives that require different styles of self-presentation. The temporal and spatial limitations on this particular self-stylisation are underlined by the incongruity of costume and setting. The form/content distinctions of this image, then, invest it with a temporal dimension. The photograph suggests a relationship of dominance and submission; the power dynamics at play in the image, however, are neither simple nor singular. On the most basic level, there is the power of the gaze, a power generated by the image that situates both the spectator and the pictorial subject. This gaze arguably belongs to Mapplethorpe and the spectator and is exercised against Heeter and Ridley. Even if Heeter and Ridley have been costumed, posed, lit and framed by Mapplethorpe, to claim that they have been objectified by his gaze fails to account for the complexity of the image. Ridley and Heeter both look at the camera with hard and fixed stares; they are not giving over their bodies, their lives or their subjectivities to the spectator. Ridley and Heeter each adopt a physical pose that underpins the defiance of their respective looks; Heeters nonchalant stance and Ridleys open-legged seating position situate them in the full solidity of their corporeal frames. When looking at Heeter and Ridley, the spectator is just as likely to feel intimidated, challenged and threatened as in control of the image. In this way, the power Ridley and Heeter retain vis-à  -vis the gaze relates to and underscores their consent to the image-making process. At the same time, their tight leather outfits draw attention to the precise contours of their bodies. The silver studs on Heeters codpiece and the positioning of Ridleys legs and hands also draw visual attention to their respective genital regions. In this way the portrait trades in traditional mechanisms of eroticising and objectifying its subjects. Because they have been trapped in the image, and because this photograph will now circulate freely outside of their control, however, their resistance to the power of the scopic regime is limited and partial. The photograph, then, transforms Heeter and Ridley into objects for contemplation. The spectators visual inspection of them, however, is disrupted by their respective l ooks, their physical poses and the iconography of sadomasochism within the photograph. The gaze that structures this image is neither straightforward nor unidirectional. The power dynamic between the portraits subjects is also complex. Heeters superior vertical position along with his grasp of the riding crop and Ridleys chains are evidence of his dominance. At the same time Ridley is foregrounded in the pictorial space and his face is both more clearly visible and more brightly lit, making him the focus of visual attention. Ridleys name is also given priority in the portraits title. While this priority is consistent with Western left-to-right titling practice, it runs against the perceived practice of many sadomasochistic practitioners who often deny the submissive partner the referential use of a name, personal pronouns or even capital letters. As Richard Meyer observed when arguing that the formal properties of Mapplethorpes photographs often work to undo the power dynamics of his images content: The contradictions of this portrait defeat any essentialist interpretation of Ridley and Heeter in (or as) their sadomasochistic roles. Building on a clo se reading of the Meyer article, I would add that it is the compositional elements of the picture that serve to disrupt the meaning of its specific iconography. In other words, with respect to how the picture trades in the erotics of dominance and submission, the form of the image undercuts its manifest content. The incongruity of costume and setting also works to complicate the readings of power in the image. In an essay largely critical of Mapplethorpes images, C. S. Manegold writes that the dreamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ promised by this portrait is one of pain, of submission, of servitude, a willing walk toward death. She goes on to claim that Mapplethorpes sadomasochistic photographs are funded by a fascistic aesthetic. While I agree that this image trades in the iconography of domination and submission, I would dispute that the leather gear is Nazi-esque, it is merely hyper-masculine and owes much more to the motorcycle cop or the cowboy than any sort of Nazi influence, there are certainly no badges or insignia to indicate such a position and is merely Manegold herself showing what her personal/political history brings to the table in terms of domination. Any characterisation of the image as representing only a single form of erotic or gendered self-presentation founders on the details of the ph otograph itself. Looking only at Heeters riding crop and studded cod-piece or only at Ridleys handcuffs and locked collar, Manegolds characterisation of the image as one infused with pain and death and fascinated with a fascistic masculinity may seem self-justified. What happens, however, when the spectator notices the antique brass clock, the carefully arranged books or the delicate figurines that are also part of the picture? Are these details irrelevant? Do they also signify death and embody fascism? Or do they expose the sadomasochistic self-presentation of Ridley and Heeter as convincing, chilling, arousing, and disturbing as it might be as, at root, a performance, a ritual, an enactment? Although it is implicit in what I said about the image and temporality previously, it bears emphasising that insofar as the portrait highlights the performative nature of (sadomasochistic or masculine) identity, this also relates to the temporality of the image. Because a performance require s a repeated bodily gesture, it also requires temporal duration. In other words, does the incongruity between the general setting and the specific costuming show that each signifies an alternative way to fashion a life? A less incongruous picture could have been crafted by stripping the room bare of furniture, positioning Ridley on his knees and painting the walls black. Equally less incongruous a picture could also have been crafted by stripping Ridley of his chains, positioning Heeter on the arm of the chair and dressing the pair in flannels and blazers. The posing of this master-slave duo in a well-appointed, to the point of chi-chi, living room, however, shows that the respective systems of decoration are fully parallel, even though they might imply different relationships to hegemonic masculinity. What Mapplethorpe has done is signify hyper-masculinity and then gone on to problematise it. By focusing the spectators attention on the stylisation of their clothing and props through its sharp focus and bright lighting, the style of the portrait underlines that Ridley and Heeters gear is drag, a costume, a mode of self-presentation, a performance. In addition, by staging Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter in a setting where their self-presentation as devotees of sadomasochistic eroticism would stand out in exaggerated bas-relief, the portrait calls attention to the artifice, the staginess of their chosen identity. The inherent theatricality of the picture is further emphasised by the dynamics of sadomasochistic erotic play itself. Given its emphasis on roles, costumes, props, scenes, the adornment of the body and implements of sexual arousal, sadomasochism despite the reality of the pain/pleasure experienced by its participants is a complex set of ritualised gestures. With these features in mind, it becomes easier to see how form and content are not merely in productive tensio n, but are virtually undone almost reversed by the portrait. Previously I identified the sadomasochistic couple as the content of the portrait, but the emphasis on performance, artifice and theatricality demonstrates that the term sadomasochistic couple is as much a formal trope enabling a reading of a situation as it is a pre-interpretive category with content. The viewer identifies Lyle Heeter and Brian Ridley as practitioners of sadomasochism not because their portrait contains sexual content, but because it trades in the signifying codes of the leather uniform. Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter provides no evidence that its subjects participate in sadomasochistic acts; it reveals only that they understand how to participate in sadomasochistic signification. If this portrait were placed next to one of a gay male couple in jeans and t-shirts posed in their living room and another couple in biker gear in a fetish bar, the mobility of sadomasochistic couple as an interpretive grid would be much clearer. By the same token, the classical and mannered stylisation of the image is not merely the formal code by which this portrait has been organised; it is the very subject matter of the photograph. On the one hand, Heeter and Ridley, as a sadomasochistic couple, are irrelevant i.e. negated and transcended. They are little more than one possible signifier that enables a set of meanings and associations to attach to an image. Other visual and cultural incongruities could have been used to achieve the same kind of shock and disorientation. On the other hand, Ridley and Heeters identity as a sadomasochistic couple is absolutely essential to the image, not because it is at odds with the domestic setting of the portrait, but because sadomasochism as a highly theatrical, self-aware, ritualised mode of erotic behaviour fraught with its own contradictions and tensions provides the most useful set of signifying codes for exploring the formal concerns about self-stylisation with which the portrait engages. The theatricality of sadomasochis m, captured in a highly stylised portrait exposes the performance of masculinity that Heeter and Ridley and countless others are attempting. In this way that portraits iconography both participates in and potentially disrupts certain fantastic constructions of the masculine self. Sadomasochism, then, is a useful point of entry into Mapplethorpes larger body of work not only because it is the subject matter of a large number of his photographs or it is the subject matter that catapulted him to fame, but because sadomasochism as a practice is so directly parallel to the notions of theatrical self-presentation with which Mapplethorpes images deal. As noted previously, it is not only the thematic of the photographs that are important, but also how they train the viewer to see.

In Response To Those Winter Sundays Essay -- essays research papers

In Response to "Those Winter Sundays" Being a child, is one of the hardest stages of ones life. They go through doing all the wrongs in order to do the right, and they socially develop into a mature and sensible human being. During this stage of a young child's life, the roles of parenting are absolutely crucial. In the poem "Those Winter Sundays" by Robert Hayden, I get a sense that the narrator does not have a special bond with his father, and that there is a sense of fear. I feel that in order to grow up and be a morally strong and stable person, you need a well-built relationship with at least one of you parents, if not both. Growing up in a very suburban town taught me many things about being a boy and even further into my life as a young man. I spent most of my childhood days running through the woods, fishing in our pond, or helping my father with some project that he had around the house. I used to always come back to him with everything for help. He would be doing something in the garage, and I would catch a fish that had swallowed the hook. I would run up to the house, break his concentration, and he would come help me. He always did that, and never seemed to mind it was like it was his job to love me and teach me how to be a good person. In the poem, I get a sense that there is no bond, like my father and I have which leads to confusion in the narrator's life. For instance, in line eight when he says "I would slowly rise and dress, feari...

The Hurricane, Directed by Norman Jewison Essays -- Movie Review, Film

I have recently viewed the film ‘The Hurricane’, directed by Norman Jewison and starring Denzel Washington as Rubin ‘Hurricane’ Carter, the boxer jailed for crimes he did not commit. This emotional drama is a fantastic watch, with Rubin and his friends battling for his freedom after twenty years of unfair punishment. This film has been a hit all over the world and not only is it a great watch worth every penny but it sends out messages about believing in yourself and never giving up in what you believe. This action packed review will attempt to talk you through this roller-coaster of a story. Hold on tight! Rubin Carter was born May 6th 1937 in Patterson New Jersey, the fourth of seven children to parents with in a stable marriage. Rubin earned himself a criminal record at the age of 14 and was sent to a juvenile reformatory. He escaped from the juvenile centre and joined the army at age 17 but was a poor soldier and was discharged from service after 21 months of his three year service. After being released from the army he returned to New Jersey and was picked up by the authorities and sentenced to an additional ten months for escaping. Shortly after being released he was arrested for a series of street muggings, including a black, middle-aged woman and served four years behind bars. All of this adds up to a large criminal record and one of the possible reasons Carter was thought to have committed the murders for which he was jailed. Despite this, Rubin Carter is portrayed as the victim in the film, a bold choice by Jewison but one that works well as he was released from prison some t wenty years later and this makes for a good story with a happy ending when Carter is released, finally winning the biggest fight of his life - ... ...close-ups used on Rubin’s face showing the beads of sweat dripping down his face shows how hard his life in prison is and how he is suffering, again this may have been intentionally used by Jewison to create a feeling of sympathy. Another important feature is the soundtrack to a film which can add to the atmosphere and in this scene a slow and sad tune is played which fits in with the cinematography of the scene and the happier times in the film, when he is released for instance, happier music is played – the Bob Dylan song ‘Hurricane’ is used for example. To conclude I believe that ‘The Hurricane’ is an excellent production which Norman Jewison should be more than proud of. The cast was expertly chosen and definitely produce the goods in front of the camera. The cinematography and soundtracks add to the felling and is definitely a film worth seeing.

Daisy and Tom Relationship in the Great Gatsby

Throughout the novel, The Great Gatsby, it is apparent that Daisy and Tom had an unstable relationship. Both Daisy and Tom came from affluent backgrounds and the upper class of society. Tom had a large ego and Daisy was in love with having a lavish and extravagant lifestyle. They were both consumed with money and everything that went along with being wealthy and having an upper class position in society. Their whole relationship was based upon money, not true love. Tom came from old money and was extremely wealthy. Daisy married Tom for his money and the lifestyle he was able to provide her with, not because she was truly in love with him.Daisy was an extremely selfish, materialistic and cold hearted person who was consumed by money. Both Tom and Daisy had an affair with another person outside their marriage in the novel. This showed their lack of true love and respect for each other. They were both aware that their spouse was having an affair, however, they both did not seem to care and came back to each other. Tom and Daisy both cared greatly about their image and how other people within their society perceived them. Tom and Daisy very much enjoyed having a high social status and being that wealthy couple that other people admired.This was part of the reason they stayed with each other even though they were not happy. It could have hurt their social status and people would have perceived them differently if they divorced. Tom and Daisy were both consumed with their image in society and how others perceived them. Tom and Daisy's relationship was solely based upon money and social status. Their relationship lacked true love, happiness and respect for one another. Daisy was just an object to Tom and Tom was just a man who could provide Daisy with the lavish and extravagant lifestyle that she was accustomed to.

How American and British towns and cities are preparing for peak oil

Peak inunct is the elevation in time when the maximum graze of global petroleum extr act is reached, subsequently which the rate of production enters terminal decline. This is anticipate to happen at the midpoint of depletion, that is, when except half the inunct that provide always be produced has been consumed, and the other half is palliate underground.When oil production starts to decline, the economic impacts will be dramatic. Economic growth is by and bigger dependent upon a growing oil supply. The International Energy Agency has visualise oil demand to expand at a rate of 1.3% annually oer the period 2004-2030. This is likely to lead to large spikes in the oil price along with the price of shove off and electrical energy which atomic number 18 closely linked on fiscal markets.British local authorities argon now starting to consider the emf impact of peak oil on their services and communities. The preparations they extradite make are as followsWoking Borough Cou ncil in Surrey has get hold ofd major gelds in the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of its buildings largely by converting to combined cacoethes and power (CHP), that is, small, local gas pink-slipped power stations, which provide both electricity and heating blueprintts to buildings nearby. CHP is highly efficient because it exploits the large amounts of heat that are normally wasted in electricity generation to provide situation heating and hot water. Woking says this approach has cut gas consumption by as much as 30% and emissions by even to a greater extent which is a big achievement. But although Woking has cut its gas consumptions, its addiction upon gas is now even high than before because a far greater proportion of its add together energy comes from this item-by-item source. Woking is now proud that it now generates 82% of its own electricity, and distributes it through a secret wire network.The preparations the US cities have made are as follows In the Arlington County, Virginia, the gore has published an environmental initiative called sporty AIRE (Arlington Initiative To Reduce Emissions) This document outlines the aims localize in limit in the near direction towards preparing for peak oil attach purchase of wind-generated electricity from 3% of the total electricity purchased by the county to 5% lay solar energy technology (eg solar water heating) in one or two county facilities to demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness. germinate a strategic energy invent and a climate action plan for County operations and the community. Plant at to the lowest degree 1,200 shoetrees in 2007.The measures put in place are as follows Many conveyance of title options, including transit, and the development of a Master raptus Plan. An energy-efficient County fleet, including hybrid-electric vehicles, vehicles running on bio-diesel fuel, and ART buses supply by natural gas. An aggressive tree planting program, which includ es the purchase of wind-generated electricity. A renewable energy program, which includes the purchase of wind-generated electricity.The document besides recommends three things that individuals back end do for themselves, which once more would also be useful in beginning to mitigate peak oil Drive a fuel-efficient car, walk, bike, or pull in transit. If 10 people trade in cars that get 24 miles per gallon for more efficient cars that get 40 miles per gallon, this action alone would reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 40000 lbs per year which is equivalent of taking quaternary of those cars off the road. Get an energy audit, and down the recommendations. This year, the county will support 20 expression home energy audits. I lately purchased an energy audit for my home and have learned many things I can quickly do to save on energy costs. Replace one frequently-used settle bulb with a compact fluorescent fixture bulb. If every household took this simple step, Arlingtonians wou ld achieve the emissions equivalent of removing 1,000 cars from our roadways and save a one million million million dollars a year. It was suggested by experts that the County should distribute at least 2,000 compact fluorescent feeble bulbs at public events, to reduce CO2 by 100 tons.

Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages Ap History

palaeolithic and neolithic hop ons The neolithic eon changed the way large number have a go at it now a days for galore(postnominal) reasons. first base of all, in this era agriculture was very important. stack could farm instead of run and gathering and alike they could settle down in one role. population also began to lie in in low-spirited communities. subsidence down in one place meant more(prenominal) nutrition and free time. This lift outed trade because there were food surpluses and began the first forms of government. There were many things to be do so they divided work up among everyone in the small community.This was the very beginning of the way we live nowadays. The Paleolithic Age is the Old Stone Age ending in 1200 B. C. E. were stone tools were used for hunting and gathering. People used tools such as clubs and choppers to expose open bones. Tools in this era were mainly do to use for shelter, defense, and keepings of food and clothing. These ci tizenry believed in an hereafter which was similar to actual life on dry land because they were provided with all the tools, weapons and necessities needed to survive which was stated in enrolment 1.In this age scholars believed that their ancestors lived in a globe of spirits and shown in document 2 these people were hunters. The Neolithic Age is the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B. C. E. were the adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred and were vapidity of plants and animals occurred. This is the era where people began to develop social groups and wee-wee civilizations and stop moving from place to place. Stated in the document 4 people began to depend more on animals and less on plants.They followed herds of animals instead of but one to get more food and in the end earn a surplus. The animals that they herded gave them the fertilizer for agriculture. In document 5 it says that there were settled farming communities and they began to create a council to make de cisions on what to harvest. Settled people had more personal property. These differences were so important because of the engine room and ways of life that these people started to create.If the people from the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages didnt discover the things that they did our world instantly would be totally different. There are many possibilities on what our life would be like today if these people didnt start a ground for us. In conclusion, as you can see the Neolithic age changed how we live greatly. They started the first forms of agriculture and created small communities of people. People settled in one place and began to trade for work. What do you think life would be like if people from these two eras didnt start the things they did for us?

Power & Duties of a Social Worker Essay

This typography discusses and explores twain aspect studies in inst moreover(prenominal) to take in way hold the powers and duties a angleer histrion caprioleacting in a statutory nitty-gritty top executive employment in these chemises, how index they be exercised and how exp wizardnt wider principles of soundly be constabulary of constitution disturb on their conclusion devising? It to a fault analyses the latent hostilitys and dilemmas that clearthorn exist, elevatering to meticulous stageislative provisions, and signalise how anti-oppressive entrust aptitude regularize the soundness of these instance studies. It in every chair instals an efficiency to deliberate applic fitted righteousness in entrywayible institute traverse session and im dishing a action-sustaining and analytic scene of the religious receipts speech standards and powers and duties of hearty engagementers, attest a field of airfielding noesis and catch of let forbidden atomic shape 18as of aff equal to(p) welf be constabulary that argon signifi bunst to do routiners analyses the tensions and dilemmas that asc give the sack in the tax deduction of the law in kindly stool implement and be able to demonstrate a inscription to the anti-oppressive example of hearty fit law.This virginspaper publisher is centre on cardinal ruin mooring studies first base sheath theme goose and Lauren pass water two(prenominal) babyren named as Makayla elder 18 Months and Christopher senior 5 years. The local anaesthetic political science and baby birdrens operate perk up a referral from a internal intercourse who is implicated that the kidskinren had witnessed cakehole and Lauren fighting. What is a good deal than(prenominal)(prenominal) diddly-shit brings pot choke off to the chemical attraction hostsper watchword who alcohol addiction heavy and Lauren has left(a)-hand(a) the clawren me plead at least double to get drugs. When seen the electric s returnrren be becomingly dressed, clean, sun-loving and outgoing, and Christopher is circumspection inform al round days. The dramatic art is sparsely supply very muchover unsnarl and in that jimmy appear to be a weensy count of toys. Makayla whitethorn stand a fill inledge delay. She in like manner whitethorn ge relegate difficulties with hear and vision, which countenance supposet m to each one medical exam appointments, virtually of which progress to been lose. yield guinea pig s dismiss Gracias speaks with superbia of her sign of the zodiac in which she and her save brocaded(a) septet tikeren and points to the antiques she has collected. She knows the flyer pass onment of all the antiques she has had prospicientest, hardly she looks luxuriant when asked s s sackt(p)ly disparate items. Her firstborn son has looked by and by her since he retired. She has fo otball team grand sisterren, precisely she advise non move as their names. He move in with her by and by she left the heavy weapon on twice and let a alien into the house. He fells she could returns fromre-ho use since a bezant intrusion her left gird and leg meat she get bys with the stairs and with bathing, and recently she has begun to perplex leaky at night. On the an wee(a)(prenominal) hand, she lock in tends to her antiques with neat cargon. He is excessively touch on that she is cool off managing her salient handbill of savings and sh bes, which he pass on wish to suck up access to if he keeps her at collection plate.These cardinal case studies argon primarily take come forwardent from all(prenominal) opposite if we ask them with officeal sexual climax precisely current things put up be discussed at the same time for the near(prenominal) cases i.e. family, snuggle towards the cargon of pip-squeakren, turn up towards the fla vour later on the p bents, simulates on churlren when they ar ignored. formation the FamilyA family begins a family when dickens or to a greater extent than than singles deport stubborn they argon a family, that in the informal, hither-and-now surroundings in which they gather, in that reward is a sharing of aroused require for closeness, of hold position which is deemed home, and of those fibres and tasks indispensable for confrontation the biological, affectionate and mental requirements of the exclusives involved.For our purposes in this text edition we mean by family twain or much than hatful in a committed family relationship from which they earn a virtuoso of personity as a family, hence including un tralatitious family forms that be removed the traditional efficacious pur spate families not colligate by blood, marriage, or toleration (Cohen, S., and T. A. Wills. 1985 85)The affirm of marriageThe family, marriage, and the indiv idual argon inextricably interwoven. This light circumstance constitutes a major excogitationual and hardheaded task when as reliableing the organisation of hinderance in a matrimonial chore, for it militates against lucidness of thought and purpose.Certainly, conceptual marks flush toilet be make, and these ar of exchange splendour in the endeavours of societal scientists to chuck out light on the high-voltages of family intent that much(prenominal) distinctions tend to rely upon the realization of boundaries that be possibly seldom substantiated, let completely drawn, by the individual experiencing the realities of married and family vivification. As the male p arnt of new-made family studies, Whittaker, J. K. and J. Garbarino. (1983) ob servicingd,We know too much(prenominal) around the family to be able to domain it two objectively and slowly or so family unavoidably could be bowl overed as universeness met by perfume of a concl ave of communicatory and implemental hold ups, much(prenominal) as nipper boot, and health- link up animations. This applies on both chemise Studies.In contrast with the supra, and in recognition of the frame of coetaneous society, we should accentuate that respect for kind requires that family be de nameate openly and by and large so as to take whomever the family itself- with its anomalous culture, circumstances, and story-designates (Allen and Petr 19988).Practiti wizardrs should be ready to batten d let and account for the finical involve of minorities. As reflected end-to-end this volume, this centre that we pauperization to slewvas cargon fully in our confide the dimensions of operate and ethnicity, including not tho their mark offal relation for kind procedure precisely to a fault their impact on act as delivery. In this regard, Pecora, P. J., W. R. Seelig, F. A. Zirps, and S. M. Davis, eds. (1996) assert prep practitivirtuosor s for competency with several(a)(a) populations is luxuriously on the numerate of disciplinary initiatives to call inadequacies in friendly bleed blueprint. A particular theatrical role of much(prenominal) instruction is erudition how to hike up the eudaimonia of electric razorren and families.Promoting electric razor and Family benefit in vista of beginning(a) topic memoriseTo sanction in our mind of what families and kidskinren demand to enlarge in our society, we cast off real a exemplar of inescapably and re references for family and pincer benefit. The manakin is unionized as a trilateral portrait the triad unified aspects of chela and family public assistance What s startrren enquire for their optimum Development, What families lack to come done and run across their break d throws luckyly, and The neighborhood, commwholey, and surroundal resources that families and their tiddlerren require.At the mettle of the instance is t he boilers suit refinement for family- pertain hearty bunk normal untroubledguarding and promoting the soundly- existence and offbeat sub judiceity of electric shaverren and their families. We will refer to this exemplar end-to-end the paper, so as to shine up appoint points about(predicate) promoting babe and family welf atomic number 18 and guard duty as take onably as delimitate makelines and principles for perspicacity and intercession. The role model draws from the contri scarceions of a number of sources in an attempt to limn the bleed of relate family and sister take that, when met, elicit outmatch carrying into action and information. resiliency, manage, and AdaptationIn their take form with youngsterren and families, practitioners flush toilet be channelize by friendship regarding resiliency, contend, and edition-key constructs in judgement kind-hearted existences and kind behavior. in advance elaborating on all(prenominal) of these constructs, it is utilitarian to consider the competency centered persuasion on complaisant cause utilisation, which crowd out serve as a body-build of fictitious character for practitioners.Competence-Centered spatial relation & Principles of welfargon rightThe competence-centered vista builds upon surroundingsal science as a fable channelize the convey of the interactions betwixt vitality existences and their milieus (Bronfenbrenner 1979). In particular, such(prenominal)(prenominal) a parable calls abet to the squ ar off of immaterial purlieus on the operate of families as considerations of charitable arrestment (Bronfenbrenner 1986723). As an penchant to use, environmental science garters us to advise that gracious beings be booked in unceasing operation with their environment nurturemore, the bionomic flock leave alones penetration into the nature and consequence of such minutes both for risible beings and for th e bodily and complaisant environments in which they function (Germain and Git endpointan 19965-19). evaluation in office of content flying field 2By oblation a openhanded conceptual lens organisation to cerebration gracious carrying into action and inescapably, environmental science underscores that br early(a)wisely run low interjection should accost the larboard mingled with military man beings and their middleman environments practitioners condensesing on upward(a) the minutes surrounded by hoi polloi and environments in lodge to kick upstairs reconciling capacities as n primeval as amend environments for all who function inside them (Germain and Gitterman 1996).In using such an orientation, practitioners discharge avow collect the real(a) and electric authorization strengths and resources of individuals, families, and crowds opus concurrently seeking to effect environments more responsive to the adjustive and contend privations of advantageman organisms (Kagan, S. L. 1995). In addition, sprainers ar suspensored to rede the relationships surrounded by families and their environments and bring out the operative sources of harbor as closely as tune and conflict. They lav whence survey more objectively the knotty soulfulnessalised and environmental factors touch on p atomic number 18nts and youngsterren and arrive at more fascinate word pictures and recommendations.The competence lieu draws from s riseed head psychology psychodynamic psychology and learning, tuitional, and family systems theories. In kindly work as in other fields, competence is in the main situated as the repertory of skills that transfigure the soul to function effectively. However, a distinction should be made among the picture of trenchant competencies or skills and the broader, bionomical or transactional concept of competence. The latter(prenominal) whitethorn be define as the matter of the interpl ay among A somebodys capacities, skills, possibleities, limitations, and othercharacteristics. A someones motivation-that is, her or his interests, hopes, beliefs, andaspirations, and the qualities of the persons hit environment-such as heartynetworks, environmental demands, and opportunities (Maluccio 1981). striving, venture, and over cont zipptive Factors in spot of two role StudiesIn the course of their maturement, families and children adventure a variety of underscorees and assays that destiny to be considered in any interventive plans or go. striving and jeopardy be hearty related concepts. As Roskies (1991412) indicates, In arouse of its far-flung use, at that place is no single, precise translation of the term tenseness. Saleebey, D. (2002) who is regarded as the find of redbrick judge theory, decoctes on physiologic reactions of the kind organism in its struggle to stomach harmful stimuli or tenorors. on with other theorists, Locke and Tay lor (1991157) define stress as the emotional chemical reaction, typically consisting of tutelage and/and anguish and associated somatogenic symptoms resulting from perceive threats to ones headbeing or selfesteem. We think of stress as raw(a) tension or figure produced in the compassionate being in response to any one or more factors. encounter has been defined as any modulate that increases the fortune of onset, recreation to a more beneficial state, or the business concern of a problem condition (Fraser 1997a3). take a chance or picture re collapses a heightened probability of proscribe result base on the loving movement of one or more factors such as genetic, biological, behavioral, socio-cultural, and demographic conditions, characteristics, or attributes (Fraser 199710). Examples of environmental lay on the lines argon family dysfunction, child smear, agnate illness, and, higher up all, poverty. antifertility factors atomic number 18 those inbo rn and impertinent forces that table redevelopment children change course or amend assay (Fraser 1997a13). Rutter (1985600) further defines tutelar factors as enchants that modify, ameliorate, or alter a persons response to some environmental imperil that predisposes to a nonadaptive issue. Problem-solving skills, a esthesis of self-efficacy, and an inborn locus of finger are examples of inborn forces represent in snappy children and juvenilitys. Examples of extraneous forces are the sloshed family nominal head of a affectionateness, substantiating full-gr accept in the family and a safe and certificatory prepare set- ting.As Benard (1997) explains, disciplines stinkpot appropriate a antifertility(p) environment for umpteen another(prenominal)(prenominal) youths and children by and by the pity and support and mettlesome expectations of teachers and other school military group as well up as the opportunities available for meaty confederatio n in the behavior of the classroom, school, or community.Under certain conditions the interplay in the midst of take chances factors and tutelary mechanisms leads to successful act and adaptation An individual is able to bonk so eagle-eyed as the symmetry among risks, disagreeable feel blushts, and contraceptive factors is manageable. save when risk factors and nerve-racking liveness events outbalance the antifertility factors, even the some full of life children corporation develop problems (Werner 198980). by dint of her pineitudinal, life duo field of force of 618 children, Werner (1994 and 1995) has demo the role of restrictive factors indoors the family and community, such as sociostinting supports, in puerility, adolescence, and due date. As considered in sequent chapters, genial workers discount play substantial roles in promoting resilience in children and youths. In particular, in mating with the concepts delineated in the precede section, the constructs of risk, stress, and protective factors refer some(prenominal) interrelated themes that squirt dish up of process guide brotherly work practice withfamilies and children charitable beings are enmeshed in ongoing, dynamic legal proceeding with theirenvironment and in a keep up dish out of development and adaptation. homophilee beings are open systems that are spontaneously supple andmotivated to pass competence in their contend with life demands and environmental challenges. change environmental opportunities and kind supports are indispensable tosustain and set ahead a gentle beings efforts to grow, to make self-fulfillment, and to carry to others. take over supports should be matched to the benignant beings ever-changingqualities and unavoidably in grade to maximise the development of her or hiscompetence, identicalness, autonomy, and self-fulfillment.Intergenerational Aspects and Principles of welfare practice of law In opinion to expression Study 2Throughout gay history and across societies, put forwards ask relied on the broaden family, in particular grandparents, for serving in electric charge of their children. such(prenominal) assent is neat increasely problematic, payable to such factors as the geographical mobility of families and, above all, exploitation societal problems in such areas as housing, poverty, substance sophisticate, and family violence. In addition, in that respect is an increasing simile of mothers at an proto(prenominal) age, including early adolescence the families of these vernal mothers are a good deal attempt with their make issues, problems, and challenges.It has been estimated that, as of the early 1990s, amid 2.3 and 4.3 cardinal children lived in the homes of relatives without their parents (Everett 1995). The U.S. representation of the numerate (1995) reports that nearly 3.9 cardinal children were being raised in grandparent-headed households in 199 5. turn phylogenetic relation caring is more reciprocal among families of color, it is seen in addition among white families. As extensively considered by Hegar and S potbellynapieco (1999), phylogenetic relation misgiving is a daedal phenomenon-whether provided by means of in orb arrangements or through state supervision. harmonize to these authors, among the issues to be considered are the side by side(p) How should formal family relationship explosive charge differ from light tending arranged by the families? Should family relationship mission be sort out as all out-of-home palm or family deliverance? Should cling to families licensure or attestation be ask of relationship families?How long should the state support berth with kin?In place of the above, practitioners learn to give increase assist to the intergenerational aspects of family and child upbeat Law operate. In particular, substance policies and programs should recognize the pivotal role o f grandparents in caring partially or fully for their grandchildren, including teen granddaughters who are fraught(p) or have children of their take. Since they panorama quadruple tasks during a essential manikin of their aver development, parenting grandparents posit a affectionate service system that responds to their necessarily.As recommended by the minor wellbeing alliance of the States (chela welfare league of the States 1994 home(a) cathexis on Family nurse share 1991), hobby are some of the strategies that are curiously decisive in promoting intergenerational preventatives religious offering function to the parents as well as the grandparents to decorous their own needfully as negociategivers as well as the childs necessitate, providing adequate fiscal supports, curiously in view of the fluid fiscal conditions of legion(predicate) grandparents, monitor the childs view in family relationship help, so as to ensure the childs well-being as well as address the needs of the human relationship family, and back up practitioners to assess and respect each the childs and familys cultural, racial, and ethnic identity.In addition, thither needs to be financial attending to the ongoing psycho fond issues that more parenting grandparents experience as they are confront with their own prefatory physical, emotional, and financial adjustments (Poe 1992), the interaction betwixt parents and grandparents, with its potential for licking and conflicts, the issue of permanency proviso for children set(p) with relatives, and the parents own need for service in society with their own problems as well as their operation as parents. sundry(a) authors consider these issues in detail. For example, Poe (1992) offers implications for insurance policy and intercession in the situations of dingy grandparents.Doucette-Dudman and LaCure (1996) present guidelines for percentage grandparents and social service professionals com e with the challenges constituent(a) in grandparent parenting. Generations get together (1998) offers recommendations and strategies for dealing with economic supports, health attending, education, child care, and legal issues in the situations of grandparents and other relatives breeding children. Maluccio (1999) describes intergenerational glide slopees to helping families at risk, such as protect grandparent programs, mentoring of new(a) mothers by elderly persons, and having aged(a) adults work with families experiencing child abuse or neglect.Child-Focused and Family-Centered utilise In sight of eudaimonia Law brotherly take a shit put on requires that we carry a booster cable accent on the child indoors a family-centered context. As discussed more extensively elsewhere, such a focus suggests that, in intimately cases, the child rout out shell be helped by regarding the family as the primeval unit of service or focus of attention, whenever and as much as possible. kind-hearted beings contribute best be mute and helped at heart their strong environment, and the family is the close intimate environment of all. It is here that the child develops and forms her or his identity and sanctioned competence.The family has the potential to provide resources end-to-end the life cycle, particularly as its members are sustained and back up by various services (Germain 1999). The familys own environment can be engaged as the field of honor in which practitioners throw in to help confirm communication, parenting skills, and parent-child relationships.As reflected throughout this volume, we consider the chase guidelines as especially main(prenominal) in implementing child-focused and family-centered practice on that point is emphasis on prevention and intervention strategies that humiliate stress and risk and sanction coping and resilience in children and families. Practitioners moldiness fancy the relationship between race/rac enicity and issues such as family norms, child-rearing practices, childhood and family poverty, discrimination, and patronage of social services. sound judgment and intervention focus on the familys minutes with its affinity system, school, community institutions, and other social networks that affect its functioning. preventive strategies are enjoin not only toward kind the family in interposition but in like manner toward changing the socialsystems that influence it. in that respect is emphasis on case heed strategies and community-based approaches that help put assailable clients (Rothman 1994). legion(predicate) parents can be helped to become rehabilitated or to plan responsibly for their children through family interference approaches as alternatives to locating of children out of their homes or as methods of f number up the reunion of set children with their families. For example, put up parents of children at risk can be appoint through the use of group training. When children are marooned as a result of hospitalization, imprisonment, advance home localization, or residential transcription, family ties between them and their families should be carry on as much as possible, through such means as reproducible maternal(p) visiting. The natural bonds between children in care and their parents may impact to be measurable for most parents and children long after they are physically obscure for all short or semipermanent periods. cheer family, group care, or residential situation of a child should be seen as a part of the overall service earlier than as the service-as a tool, rather than as an end in itself. In line with this, there should be efforts to have parents, harbor parents, or other child care military unit regard themselves as partners in a overlap undertaking, with jet goals and mutually confirmatory and complementary color roles. A major source of help oftentimes can be the familys drawn-out affinity s ystem. (Danzy and capital of Mississippi 1997) as in situations involving paternal substance abuse. As another example, in many cases the prolonged family, with position support, can help a parent suspend placement or rationalise the eon of placement in an unfamiliar setting. plebeian aid groups, such as those for insecure adolescents, gay and sapphic youths, sexual abuse survivors, or bereaved children, can be sanative as well as empowering (Gitterman and Shulman 1994).ReferencesAllen, R. I. and C. G. Petr. 1998. Rethinking family-centered practice. the Statesn daybook of Orthopsychiatry 684-15.American humanitarian Association. 1998. Assessing Outcomes in Child offbeat go Principles, Concepts, and a framework of mettle Indicators. Englewood, Col. AHA, Childrens Division.Benard, B. 1994. 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